Native species fight back: First evidence of coevolution between invasive, native species

ScienceDaily (June 28, 2012) ? Invasive species such as kudzu, privet and garlic mustard can devastate ecosystems, and, until now, scientists had little reason to believe that native plants could mount a successful defense.

A new University of Georgia study shows that some native clearweed plants have evolved resistance to invasive garlic mustard plants -- and that the invasive plants appear to be waging a counterattack. The study, published in the early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is thought to provide the first evidence of coevolution between native and invasive plant species.

"The implications of this study are encouraging because they show that the native plants aren't taking this invasion lying down," said study author Richard Lankau, assistant professor of plant biology in the UGA Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. "It suggests that if you were to take a longer view -- a timescale of centuries -- that exotic species could become integrated into their communities in a way that is less problematic for the natives."

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) was introduced to the U.S. from Europe roughly 150 years ago first in New York and Virginia and then to the Chicago area. The noxious plant continues to spread rapidly throughout the Northeast, Midwest and Southeast. "It's a pretty well-hated plant," Lankau said, because it can form dense carpets in forest understories and, even after being physically removed from an area, can reestablish itself within a year.

Much of the plant's success is a result of the chemical warfare it wages with a compound known as sinigrin, which kills fungi that help native plants extract nutrients from the soil. The chemical is relatively new to North America, and this novelty gives garlic mustard a huge competitive advantage.

Through a series of greenhouse and field experiments conducted over three years in five states, Lankau has shown that invasive garlic mustard produces more sinigrin in areas where more local plants are present. He found that native clearweed (Pilea pumila) plants, which were chosen for the study because they occupy the same forest understory habitat, show higher levels of resistance to sinigrin in areas where the two species have a longer history of coexistence.

"It looks like the native plants have evolved in response to the traits of the invader," Lankau said.

In addition to transplanting clearweed seeds back to their sites of origin, Lankau also planted them in all of the other study sites and monitored their growth. Each site has its unique soil chemistry and climate, and Lankau said he expected the plants to exhibit a home-field advantage. Instead, he found that native plants resistant to the invader did best in heavily invaded sites, regardless of where they originated. Surprisingly, he found that plants resistant to sinigrin actually did worse than their less-resistant-plant counterparts in areas where there was little or no garlic mustard.

"It's not all good for those populations that are evolving tolerance," Lankau said. "Because they are less successful in the absence of garlic mustard, their resistance to the invasive species comes at a cost."

Taken together, the findings suggest that the native and invasive species could reach equilibrium over a long period of time. Lankau said the study also raises the possibility that humans can help speed the adaptation of ecosystems to invasive species. He explained that removing invasive species and replanting natives often results in failure but replacing invasive species with native plants from an area where the plants have had time to adapt to the invader could be more effective. Rather than replanting clearweed from a recently invaded site in Michigan, for example, land managers could use plants from New York that are more likely to be resistant to garlic mustard.

"When people talk about evolution, it's usually in the past tense," Lankau said. "But one of the important messages from this study is that it's an ongoing process that can happen fast. And this study suggests that we might be able to jumpstart that process through evolutionarily informed management."

The research was supported by the National Science Foundation.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Georgia. The original article was written by Sam Fahmy.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. R. A. Lankau. Coevolution between invasive and native plants driven by chemical competition and soil biota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201343109

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Snow Toys Meribel The Skiing Blog

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Mark Wahlberg Breaks Down Epic Bear Fight In 'Ted'

'We choreographed it, but you're just in there flailing away at yourself,' he tells MTV News.
By Danika Ruberti, with reporting by Kara Warner


Mark Wahlberg, Ted as voiced by Seth McFarlane and Mila Kunis in "Ted"
Photo: Universal Pictures

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NJ Gov. Christie: Romney didn't ask him to be VP

FILE - In this May 31, 2012 file photo, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie speaks in Trenton, N.J. Christie says Mitt Romney didn't ask him to be his running mate during a fundraiser in New Jersey on Tuesday. Christie also told a town hall audience in New Jersey on Wednesday that he has no inside information on who the presumptive GOP presidential nominee will pick as his running mate. He said he doesn't expect it will be him. (AP Photo/Mel Evans, File)

FILE - In this May 31, 2012 file photo, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie speaks in Trenton, N.J. Christie says Mitt Romney didn't ask him to be his running mate during a fundraiser in New Jersey on Tuesday. Christie also told a town hall audience in New Jersey on Wednesday that he has no inside information on who the presumptive GOP presidential nominee will pick as his running mate. He said he doesn't expect it will be him. (AP Photo/Mel Evans, File)

(AP) ? New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie says Mitt Romney didn't ask him to be his running mate when they appeared at a fundraiser on Tuesday.

Christie also told a town hall audience in northern New Jersey on Wednesday that he has no inside information on who the likely GOP presidential nominee will pick as his running mate. He said he doesn't expect it will be him.

In Christie's words, Romney "did not ask me last night to run for vice president while I was with him."

Christie and Romney raked in $1.7 million at the fundraiser. That's $400,000 more than Romney collected during his last visit to New Jersey, when he was still being challenged for the nomination.

Polls show Romney trails President Barack Obama among New Jersey voters.

Associated Press

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Google has 250 million users, more mobile than desktop

Google+ has 250 million users

Google wasn't going to leave its budding social layer (don't call it a network) out of today's IO fun. It gave itself a bit of a pat on the back for (probably) exceeding people's expectations. For all the jokes that have been made (some of them on this very site) at Google+'s expense, it's racked up more than 250 million users. Sure, only 150 million actually active, but simply getting people signed up is a victory in itself. And, hey, about 50 percent of them sign on every day. More interestingly, Vic Gundotra says that more users are signing in with the mobile app than visiting the desktop site. That's great news to go along with the dedicated tablet version that was also announced.

Check out our full coverage of Google I/O 2012's opening keynote at our event hub!

Google+ has 250 million users, more mobile than desktop originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 27 Jun 2012 13:59:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Apple launches iTunes Store in 12 new Asia markets

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Understanding Senior Care and Elder Law

Senior care and elder law are closely related industries that seek to provide care and protection for one of our most vulnerable populations -- senior citizens. But while distinctly different, senior care and elder law often intersect when it comes to the needs of our aging family members. Understanding what each is and how it can help your elder loved one can significantly improve the lifestyle of your entire family.

Senior care is a healthcare field dedicated to providing basic assistance and medical care for seniors. The field broadly refers to three primary types of care:

In Home Care -- The type of care that allows for the highest level of independence, in home care is provided by skilled professionals in the home of the elderly person. This can include full time, part time or relief care services.

Assisted Living -- Assisted living generally refers to a community designed, built and managed in such a way as to provide long term support to seniors. Members of assisted living communities often live in their own apartment or condominium and have access to a variety of senior care services.

Nursing Care -- Nursing care is the most intensive level of care and offers full medical services including medication management. Nursing care residents live in a specialized facility staffed by nurses and their aides, and in some cases psychiatrists and medical doctors are part of the regular staff.

Elder law is a relatively new field of law that deals exclusively with legal issues related to senior citizens. This includes estate planning, wills and trusts, laws dealing with insurance and medical care, and laws that protect the elderly from neglect or abuse.

Senior care and elder law intersect in the following 2 ways:

1.) Life Decisions

There are complicated laws surrounding legal issues like wills, long term care and estate planning. These laws require legal counsel even in the most ideal situations, but what often happens is that families begin asking about these laws only after a crisis has occurred.

For instance, in the case of an elderly family member suddenly taking ill and being unable to make their own rational decisions, legal intervention is often required in order for long term care to proceed. And in cases of dementia where family members want to provide care at home; there are legal responsibilities that must be undertaken when doing so.

The best solution to these problems is to create a plan before crisis occurs.

2.) Protection from Abuse

It's unfortunate that we would need them, but there are laws in place that protect seniors from neglect or abuse. In many cases the punishment for violating these laws are severe and come with hefty prison sentences. Family members that suspect their loved ones are being mistreated can take action by invoking elder law. Authorities are required to rigorously investigate any such claims.

Senior care is ultimately governed by elder law, so developing an understanding of the two is critical to providing a lifetime of support for an elderly family member. To learn more, call a professional in home care giver or senior care provider for an immediate consultation.

Click here to speak to one of our Pittsburgh Senior Care specialists now. Click here for the orginal source of this article: http://www.pittsburghseniorcare.org/understanding-senior-care-elder-law/

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Tropical Storm Debby puts damper on Fla. vacations

Boats are sunken and thrown up on a dock at the Rock Landing Marina in Panacea, Fla., Tuesday, June 26, 2012. High winds and heavy rains spawned by the approaching Tropical Storm Debby caused the damage. (AP Photo/Dave Martin)

Boats are sunken and thrown up on a dock at the Rock Landing Marina in Panacea, Fla., Tuesday, June 26, 2012. High winds and heavy rains spawned by the approaching Tropical Storm Debby caused the damage. (AP Photo/Dave Martin)

In this Monday, June 25, 2012 photo, life guard towers on Clearwater Beach are awash from high waters from Tropical Storm Debby, in Clearwater Beach, Fla. Debby flooded homes, an animal shelter and closed parts of the main interstate highway across northern Florida on as the storm hung stubbornly offshore over the Gulf of Mexico, threatening up to two feet of rain in places. (AP Photo/The Tampa Bay Times, Jim Damaske)

Mark Mitchell surveys the damage to boats at the Rock Landing Marina in Panacea, Fla., Tuesday, June 26, 2012. High winds and heavy rains spawned by the approaching Tropical Storm Debby caused the damage. (AP Photo/Dave Martin)

Mark Mitchell surveys the damage to boats at the Rock Landing Marina in Panacea, Fla., Tuesday, June 26, 2012. High winds and heavy rains spawned by the approaching Tropical Storm Debby caused the damage. (AP Photo/Dave Martin)

A Florida Highway Patrolman warns motorists about high water in Medart, Fla., Tuesday, June 26, 2012. Heavy rains from the approaching Tropical Storm Debby caused wind and rain damage. (AP Photo/Dave Martin)

(AP) ? Debby, the guest that wouldn't leave, is ruining things for a lot of other visitors.

Vacationers were wearing ponchos instead of swimsuits at the peak of the summer season because of the tropical storm, which has drenched Florida for at least four days straight like a giant shower head set up over the state's Gulf Coast. Debby has dumped as much as 26 inches of rain in some spots.

Disney World wasn't as crowded as usual, and one of its water parks closed because of the soggy, windy weather. Also, Sea World closed early on Monday.

Along the Florida Panhandle, where Debby sat offshore nearly motionless for days, the parking lot at the 100-room Buccaneer Inn was empty because of a power outage ahead of the usually big pre-July Fourth weekend.

"We've had bad luck on this island," said the inn's vice president, JoAnn Shiver. "We've had Dennis. We've had Katrina. We had the oil spill."

In a state where the biggest attractions are the sand and the sun, Debby forced many to make other plans.

Douglas and Carolyn Green of Nashville, Tenn., were supposed to spend a week on St. George Island with three generations of family, but arrived to find the electricity was out and the bridge closed to non-residents for fear of looters. They spent Monday night in nearby Apalachicola, and then all nine relatives headed to Fort Walton Beach.

"We never saw the island," said Douglas Green. "We're moving on. Plan B, I guess you'd call it."

Debby finally blew ashore Tuesday afternoon near Steinhatchee in the Big Bend area, the crook of Florida's elbow. It had sustained winds near 40 mph, barely a tropical storm. It is expected to cross the state and head into the Atlantic on Wednesday afternoon.

Several areas in northern Florida have received more than 10 inches of rain, and forecasters said southeastern Georgia could expect the same. Wakulla, an area in northwestern Florida known for camping and canoeing, has gotten more than 26 inches.

A woman was killed in a tornado spun off from the storm, and a man disappeared in the rough surf over the weekend in Alabama. The storm knocked out power to 250,000 homes and business since it began over the weekend, but electricity had been restored to all but about 35,000 customers. Debby has caused mostly scattered flooding, but forecasters warned it could get worse.

"Even though the winds are coming down, the rain threat continues," said James Franklin at the National Hurricane Center. "We expect another 4 to 8 inches, in some of these areas up in north Florida, in particular."

President Barack Obama called Florida Gov. Rick Scott and promised the state will have "no unmet needs" as it deals with the flooding, White House spokesman Jay Carney said.

In New Port Richey, a suburb about 30 miles north of Tampa, most of the 170-plus elevated homes at the Suncoast Gateway park for retirees had water underneath them. Several dozen homeowners decided to stay, despite having no electricity or tap water.

Some of those who left returned by kayak to collect their belongings.

Luisa Santoro decided to flee on Tuesday. Wearing rubber boots, she returned briefly to get her cat.

"My cat is atop the furniture," she said in Spanish, adding that her home was dry but that she feared a swollen retention pond nearby would rise further.

Portions of Interstate 10, the main east-west highway across northern Florida, were shut down because of flooding.

In Apalachicola, the hugely popular Boss Oyster restaurant was closed for the third day in a row after the rain overwhelmed the sewers and knocked out drinking water.

"We've taken a hit," said manager Matthew Bouzemann, adding that normally up to 800 customers a day would be coming in for the oysters.

In the Panama City Beach area, there was no exodus of tourists, said Jennifer Jenkins, executive director for the Gulf County tourism council. But it wasn't business as usual.

"I think most people went to the grocery store, maybe bought some board games and just decided to hang out till it's over," she said.

___

Associated Press writers Tamara Lush in New Port Richey, Tony Winton in Miami, Melissa Nelson in Pensacola and Ken Thomas aboard Air Force One contributed to this report.

Associated Press

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Salesforce.com Hires The Thinkfuse Team And ... - Business Insider

Thinkfuse is the latest startup to happily close its doors after a big guy swooped in with some cash. In this case, it was Salesforce.com doing the buying for undisclosed terms.

The Thinkfuse team will head to Salesforce.com and shut down its service on July 25, according to a post from the Thinkfuse founders. It offered a Web service that let team members file status reports to their project manager via e-mail.

Thinkfuse was a Seattle TechStars startup founded by some former employees from Myspace, Google, Amazon, and Microsoft. It landed a $500,000 angel round just by showing up to Silicon Valley a week before Y Combinator's demo day in 2011, reported Michael Arrington on TechCrunch at the time. The next week, 40-some startups seeking seed money would be revealed, so they smartly snagged theirs when the angels were hungry.

There's been a rash of this way of going out of business lately. Google bought some tech from KikScore and it closed its doors -- though Google didn't acquire the KikScore team. Then Facebook hired the team from Pieceable and it shut its doors.

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